Amerykańscy naukowcy odkryli sposób na stworzenie przeszczepów kości, które wspomagają szybkie i precyzyjne zrastanie się tkanki kostnej po złamaniach. Budulcem przeszczepu są komórki macierzyste, które służą jako swoiste rusztowanie.
Przeszczepy kości pochodzą w większości przypadków z dwóch źródeł: z własnych tkanek pacjenta, u którego wykonuje się przeszczep, lub z odpowiednio przetworzonych tkanek pobranych od zmarłego dawcy. Obie te metody wiążą się jednak z pewnymi ograniczeniami.
W przypadku autoprzeszczepów konieczne jest wykonanie dodatkowego zabiegu w celu pobrania tkanek do przeszczepu. Tkanki pobrane od zmarłego dawcy są natomiast pozbawione biomolekuł, które odpowiadają za stymulowanie regeneracji kości.
Jak wyjaśnia dr Carl Gregory, współautor badań przeprowadzonych w teksańskim ośrodku, celem jego zespołu było stworzenie przeszczepu, który będzie bardziej biologicznie aktywny.
Dzięki wykorzystaniu pluripotencjalnych komórek macierzystych naukowcy z Texas A&M University stworzyli biologicznie aktywną zewnątrzkomórkową matrycę do przeszczepów kości, która wspomaga proces regeneracji po skomplikowanych złamaniach i poważnych urazach. Badania wykazały, że matryca zapewnia nawet pięcio- lub sześciokrotnie większą skuteczność niż stosowane dotychczas stymulatory przeszczepów.
Opracowana przez amerykańskich naukowców biologicznie aktywna proteza znacznie przyspiesza proces leczenia uszkodzonych kości, dzięki czemu ogranicza ryzyko wystąpienia powikłań pooperacyjnych i zmniejsza liczbę reoperacji. Autorzy projektu wskazują, że opracowana przez nich biologiczna formuła może zostać wykorzystana w różnych rodzajach implantów kości, w tym m.in. w protezach drukowanych w 3D oraz w metalowych śrubach, dzięki czemu skuteczniej zespolą się one z naturalną tkanką pacjenta.
Ponadto innowacyjne implanty mają być proste w produkcji i wydajne. Jak wskazują badacze, budujące implant komórki macierzyste pobrane od tylko jednego dawcy są w stanie wytworzyć wiele oddzielnych matryc. Właściwość ta potencjalnie umożliwia produkowanie takich implantów na masową skalę.
Szczególne właściwości komórek
Dotychczas prowadzone badania dowodziły, że do produkowania biologicznie aktywnych przeszczepów kości mogą być wykorzystywane mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste. Mają one zdolność do przekształcenia się w komórki kostne tworzące matrycę, czyli rusztowanie potrzebne do wzrostu i wzmocnienia kości.
Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste są jednak pobierane ze szpiku już dojrzałej kości, w związku z czym ich zdolność do dzielenia się i wytwarzania zewnątrzkomórkowej matrycy jest ograniczona. Badacze z teksańskiego ośrodka rozwiązali ten problem, wykorzystując do wytworzenia protez kostnych pluripotencjalne komórki macierzyste.
W przeciwieństwie do komórek mezenchymalnych, których cykl życia jest krótki, komórki pluripotencjalne ulegają aktywnej proliferacji. Wytwarzają dzięki temu nieograniczone ilości komórek mezenchymalnych. Te zaś produkują zewnątrzkomórkową matrycę, która jest znacznie bardziej aktywna biologicznie niż ta wytworzona przez dojrzałe komórki mezenchymalne pobrane z dojrzałych kości.
Źródło: https://www.sciencedaily.com/
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