Insulinooporność objawia się wzmożonym apetytem, zaburzeniami koncentracji i sennością. Zaburzeniu gospodarki węglowodanowej towarzyszą również charakterystyczne zmiany skórne, co może pomóc we wczesnym postawieniu diagnozy.
Obniżona wrażliwość organizmu na insulinę powoduje zaburzenia regulacji poziomu cukru we krwi. Osłabione działanie tego hormonu skutkuje hiperinsulinemią, czyli zwiększoną produkcją insuliny przez trzustkę, a także zaburzeniami w przemianie tłuszczów. Insulinooporność utrudnia wchłanianie składników odżywczych, co przyczynia się do powstawania problemów skórnych.
Rogowacenie ciemne objawem insulinooporności
W przypadku typowego dla insulinooporności podwyższonego poziomu insuliny w organizmie hormon ten powoduje nadmierny wzrost komórek naskórka, czyli keratynocytów, oraz fibroblastów – komórek tkanki łącznej właściwej. W efekcie dochodzi do wystąpienia rogowacenia ciemnego (acanthosis nigricans).
Rogowacenie ciemne objawia się przebarwieniami i brodawkowaniem skóry. Pojawiające się na skórze plamy mają brunatno-szary kolor. Skóra w dotyku staje się szorstka i zgrubiała. Rozmieszczone symetrycznie zmiany występują w naturalnych zgięciach skóry, m.in. pachwinach, a także na szyi, karku, okolicach ust i oczu oraz dłoniach i stopach. W przypadku ciężkiej postaci rogowacenia ciemnego zmiany mogą wystąpić na błonach śluzowych, w nosie, jamie ustnej czy narządach rodnych. Dla przebiegu choroby charakterystyczny jest uporczywy świąd.
Leczenie rogowacenia ciemnego opiera się na terapii choroby podstawowej.
Insulinooporność sprzyja powstawaniu trądziku
W rozwoju insulinooporności dochodzi do hiperinsulinemii, czyli wzmożonej produkcji insuliny w trzustce. To zaburzenie metaboliczne uważane jest za jedną z częstych przyczyn powstawania trądziku pospolitego. Również otyłość, często towarzysząca insulinooporności, zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia tej choroby skóry.
Zmiany trądzikowe umiejscowione są na obszarach o zwiększonym wydzielaniu łoju, a więc najczęściej w okolicach twarzy, rzadziej na tułowiu i klatce piersiowej. Do zmian trądzikowych zalicza się zaskórniki zamknięte i otwarte, z których wydobywa się masa łojowo-rogowa. Innymi typowymi dla trądziku zmianami są krosty, grudki i torbiele ropne.
U części pacjentów z insulinoopornością pozytywne efekty w leczeniu trądziku zapewnia stosowanie diety o niskim indeksie glikemicznym i bez produktów na bazie mleka.
Wpływ insulinooporności na mieszki włosowe
W przebiegu insulinooporności mieszki włosowe nie otrzymują odpowiedniej ilości substancji odżywczych, m.in. tlenu, co skutkuje zaburzeniami wzrostu włosa. Wysokie stężenie insuliny we krwi przyczynia się do skrócenia fazy anagenowej, czyli aktywnej fazy wzrostu włosa, i miniaturyzacji mieszków włosowych. W efekcie może dojść do łysienia androgenowego. Łysienie androgenowe przejawia się początkowo wzrostem coraz krótszych i słabszych włosów, a następnie całkowitą utratą zdolności ich wytwarzania.
Włókniaki miękkie typowe dla insulinooporności
U osób cierpiących na insulinooporność charakterystyczne jest występowanie włókniaków miękkich głównie na szyi, powiekach, pod pachami i w pachwinach. Włókniaki miękkie to łagodne zmiany skórne przybierające formę guzków o cielistej lub brązowej barwie. Powstają wskutek nadmiernego namnażania się fibroblastów, komórek tkanki łącznej właściwej, co jest spowodowane podwyższonym poziomem insuliny we krwi.
Problemy skórne typowe dla insulinooporności i cukrzycy typu 2
Nieleczona insulinooporność może doprowadzić wystąpienia cukrzycy typu 2. Wraz z jej rozwojem pojawia się więcej zmian i chorób skórnych. Można zaliczyć do nich rogowaciejącą i pękającą skórę pięt, wysypki, grzybicę międzypalcową, łuszczycę, zaczerwienienia i przebarwienia twarzy.
Źródła: mp.pl, insulinoopornosc.com, wiadomoscidermatologiczne.pl, endokrynologiapediatryczna.pl, trychologia.edu.pl, dermatolog.pl
Przeczytaj także: Choroby skórne towarzyszące cukrzycy
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