Rak języka może objawiać się białymi plamkami, czyli leukoplakią, zgrubieniem bądź powierzchownymi owrzodzeniami, które umiejscowione są zazwyczaj na bocznej ścianie języka. Następnie pojawiają się takie symptomy, jak m.in. promieniujący do ucha ból w czasie połykania, zaburzenia przy spożywaniu pokarmów oraz kaszel.
Choroba ta może objawiać się również ślinotokiem, szczękościskiem, chrypką, kłuciem w uchu lub krwiopluciem. Wskazywać na nią mogą również takie symptomy jak spadek masy ciała, brak łaknienia, trudności w swobodnym komunikowaniu się, bełkotliwa mowa czy duszności.
Pacjenci z rakiem języka mogą mieć również trudności w żuciu i połykaniu, ograniczoną ruchomość języka, natomiast w przypadku zajęcia przez nowotwór węzłów chłonnych wyczuwalny guz szyi.
Przyczyna raka języka
Czynnikami ryzyka powstania raka języka są m.in. nikotynizm, nadużywanie wysokoprocentowego alkoholu, zażywanie tabaki czy rzucie betelu. Ponadto ten rodzaj nowotworu odnotowuje się u pacjentów zakażonych wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV).
Wpływ na ryzyko choroby ma również brak higieny jamy ustnej oraz ciągłe podrażnienia języka spowodowane nieprawidłowo dobraną protezą.
Podłożem raka języka mogą być również zmiany przedrakowe
Zalicza się do nich aksamitne, czerwone plamy (erytroplazja), niemożliwe do usunięcia białe płytki lub plamy na błonie śluzowej jamy ustnej (leukoplakia), zmiany występujące przy liszaju płaskim (czerwone, niewrzodziejące plamy/pęcherze, które mogą pękać, tworząc nierówne owrzodzenia) oraz włóknienie podśluzówkowe (intensywnie pieczące pęcherzyki na podniebieniu i języku).
Aby potwierdzić diagnozę raka języka konieczne będzie manualne zbadanie węzłów chłonnych i pobranie wycinków guza do badania histopatologicznego, a także tomografia komputerowa. Jeżeli choroba zostanie wykryta w początkowym stadium, leczenie będzie polegało na operacyjnym usunięciu nowotworu. Jeżeli natomiast w stadium zaawansowanym, pacjent zostanie poddany leczeniu chirurgicznemu oraz radioterapii.
Rak języka zazwyczaj daje przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych szyjnych górnych
Ten rodzaj nowotworu charakteryzuje się dużą złośliwością. Przerzuty mogą wystąpić już we wczesnej fazie rozwoju. Choroba ta częściej występuje u mężczyzn w wieku między 60-70 r.ż., którzy stanowią 70 proc. pacjentów.
Rak języka jest w Polsce nowotworem rzadkim. Krajowy Rejestr Nowotworów podaje, iż choroba ta występuje u 0,5 proc. mężczyzn oraz 0,1 proc. kobiet.
Źródło: poradnikzdrowie.pl, onkologia.org.pl
Przeczytaj także: Róg skórny stanem przednowotworowym skóry
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