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Lepsza kontrola protez kończyn będzie możliwa dzięki magnesom

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Naukowcy z Massachusetts Institute of Technology opracowali system, który może zapewnić osobom po amputacjach bardziej precyzyjną kontrolę nad protezami. Nowa technologia wykorzystuje miniaturowe magnesy, które umieszcza się wewnątrz tkanki mięśniowej.

Osoby po amputacjach uzyskują kontrolę nad bionicznymi kończynami dzięki połączeniu protezy z obwodowym układem nerwowym. Aktywność elektryczna w pozostałej po amputacji tkance mięśniowej jest rejestrowana, a następnie przekazywana do bionicznej kończyny, co umożliwia poruszanie nią.

Naukowcy z MIT opracowali nową metodę rejestracji impulsów elektrycznych w mięśniach, która ma pozwolić na lepszą kontrolę nad protezą, a przy tym jest mniej inwazyjna i wymaga mniejszych nakładów finansowych niż metody stosowane dotychczas. Wyniki badań nad nową technologią opublikowano w czasopiśmie naukowym „Science Robotics”.

Precyzyjne pomiary

Metoda określana jako magnetomikrometria polega na umieszczeniu wewnątrz tkanki mięśniowej magnesów o średnicy ok. 3 mm. Magnesy są zamieszczane w tkance parami. Następnie na zewnętrznej stronie kończyny, na ubraniu lub protezie zamieszczane są czujniki magnetyczne. Pomiar tego, w jaki sposób magnesy poruszają się względem siebie nawzajem wewnątrz tkanki, pozwala określić, jak szybko i w jakim stopniu mięsień ulega skurczowi. Pomiar jest dokonywany w ciągu zaledwie 3 milisekund.

Pozyskane w ten sposób dane mogą następnie zostać przekazane do komputera, który za pomocą matematycznego modelowania przewidzi, gdzie w przestrzeni powinna się znaleźć fantomowa kończyna, i przekaże tę informację do robotycznej protezy. Dzięki temu pacjent zyskałby pełną kontrolę nad ruchem bionicznej kończyny.

Większa skuteczność, mniejsze koszty

Dotychczas w praktyce klinicznej do sterowania bionicznymi kończynami wykorzystywano elektromiografię (EMG). Technologia ta polega na umieszczeniu elektrod na powierzchni skóry lub chirurgicznym implementowaniu ich do wewnątrz mięśnia. Procedura ta wiąże się z dużą inwazyjnością i wysokimi kosztami. W przeciwieństwie do magnetomikrometrii pozwala też jedynie na pomiar aktywności elektrycznej, ale nie długości lub szybkości skurczu mięśni w kikucie.

Jak wyjaśnia prof. Cameron Taylor, jeden z głównych autorów projektu, na tym polega przewaga nowej metody:

– Kontrola nad protezą uzyskana dzięki EMG opiera się na sygnałach pośrednich. Widzisz to, co mózg mówi mięśniowi, ale nie to, co mięsień faktycznie robi. Za pomocą magnetomikrometrii analizujemy bezpośrednio, w jaki sposób kończyna się porusza.

W planach badania z udziałem ludzi

Dotychczas nowa technologia została przetestowana z wykorzystaniem zwierząt laboratoryjnych. Autorzy projektu zamierzają w ciągu kilku następnych lat rozpocząć badania z udziałem osób, które przeszły amputację poniżej kolana. Zdaniem naukowców nowa technologia może znaleźć zastosowanie również w leczeniu pacjentów po urazach rdzenia kręgowego oraz osób z dysfunkcjami tkanki mięśniowej spowodowanymi np. udarem.

Źródło: sciencedaily.com

Przeczytaj bezpłatnie pokrewny artykuł w czasopiśmie „Chirurgia Plastyczna i Oparzenia”:

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