W rozmowie z Forum Leczenia Ran Joanna Tokaj, pielęgniarka z wieloletnim doświadczeniem w leczeniu ran, wyjaśnia, jakie są pierwsze objawy owrzodzeń troficznych, kto jest na nie najbardziej narażony i w jaki sposób można ich uniknąć.
Karolina Rybkowska, ForumLeczeniaRan.pl: Czym są zmiany troficzne? Co przyczynia się do pojawienia się tego schorzenia?
Joanna Tokaj: Zmiany troficzne to zmiany skórne obejmujące skórę podudzi. Najbardziej narażeni na to schorzenie są pacjenci z zespołem chorobowym naczyń krwionośnych kończyn dolnych. Problem chorobowy dotyczy zastawek żylnych, które się nie domykają, co powoduje grawitacyjne cofanie się krwi, a w następstwie rozdęcie ścian naczyń. Długotrwałe zaburzenia w krążeniu żylnym są przyczyną procesów zapalnych w otaczających je tkankach.
W mojej praktyce zawodowej najczęstszymi czynnikami ryzyka owrzodzeń troficznych są:
- zaawansowany wiek pacjenta,
- skłonności dziedziczne do żylaków podudzi,
- otyłość,
- brak ruchu (w szczególności dotyczy to pacjentów geriatrycznych),
- cukrzyca,
- choroby wyniszczające, zwłaszcza procesy nowotworowe,
- choroba zatorowa żył głębokich,
- terapie hormonalne.
Czym charakteryzują się zmiany troficzne? Jakie są ich pierwsze objawy?
Owrzodzenia troficzne mają postać rozległych ran obejmujących skórę podudzi na obszarze od stawów kolanowych do stawów skokowych.
Pierwszymi objawami choroby są uczucie dyskomfortu i ciężkości nóg. Pojawiają się także obrzęki w okolicach łydek i kostek oraz uwidaczniają się drobne naczynia żylne (teleangiektazje), zwane przez pacjentów „pajączkami”, o zabarwieniu sinoniebieskimi bądź brunatnym. Pacjenci podczas konsultacji i wywiadu pielęgniarskiego zgłaszają uczucie pieczenia i rozpierania w kończynach dolnych. Kolejnym objawem jest zmiana kolorystyki skóry. Pojawiają się brunatne przebarwienia powierzchni skóry, w której toczy się proces chorobowy. To ten objaw najczęściej niepokoi pacjentów. Niestety, nie łączą tego z poprzednio wymienionymi przeze mnie objawami.
W okresie, gdy skóra ulega przebarwieniu, obserwuje się także jej ścieńczenie i zmianę wyglądu. Skóra zmieniona chorobowo błyszczy się i jest twarda w dotyku, co powoduje nasilenie uczucia rozpierania i dyskomfortu oraz bólu. Niestety pacjenci ze względu na dolegliwości bólowe zaczynają unikać ruchu, co sprzyja rozwojowi choroby.

Jakie cechy towarzyszą owrzodzeniom troficznym?
Owrzodzenia obejmują czasami bardzo duże powierzchnie skóry podudzi. Wygląd rany przypomina krater otoczony wałami skórnymi zmienionymi zapalnie, a jej dno jest skolonizowane bakteryjnie. Niestety towarzyszy temu częściowa lub całościowa nekroza tkanki skórnej, czemu towarzyszy silny odór.
Jeśli rana nie jest pokryta martwicą na całej powierzchni, do powyższych objawów dołącza stały, obfity wysięk, który działa drażniąco na otaczające ranę tkanki i prowadzi do zwiększenia powierzchni skóry zmienionej chorobowo.
Jakie objawy powinny skłonić pacjenta do zgłoszenia się do specjalisty?
Moim zdaniem wszystkie z powyższych. Już na etapie wystąpienia teleangiektazji i lekkich dolegliwości bólowych warto, by pacjent skorzystał z konsultacji. Zmiana zabarwienia skóry jest już objawem alarmowym. Niedopuszczenie do powstania ubytku skóry znacząco skraca czas leczenia pacjenta.
Czy w codziennej praktyce spotyka się Pani z trudnymi przypadkami owrzodzeń troficznych?
W mojej pracy często spotykam się z tego typu ranami. Na co dzień pracuję w hospicjum, gdzie spotykam się z ranami będącymi powikłaniem choroby nowotworowej. Pacjenci chorzy onkologiczne są znacznie bardziej narażeni na choroby o charakterze zatorowości (czy to żylnej, czy płucnej). Większość chorych przyjmuje na stałe heparynę drobnocząsteczkową wprowadzaną przez lekarza onkologa już na początku leczenia.
Pracuję również w pielęgniarskiej opiece długoterminowej, gdzie ok. 2/3 moich pacjentów – to pacjenci z ranami troficznymi podudzi. Są to głównie pacjenci geriatryczni, z cukrzycą. Jak widać, statystyka tego typu ran jest wysoka.

Jakie wyzwania pojawiają się przy leczeniu tego rodzaju ran?
Moim zdaniem jednym z największych wyzwań w leczeniu tego typu ran są koszty ponoszone przez pacjentów: opatrunki i środki do leczenia ran. Mam ukończony kurs ordynacji i kontynuacji recept cz I. Bardzo często wypisuję pacjentom recepty na opatrunki, jednak nie zawsze można stosować refundację. Koszt zakupu opatrunków bez refundacji czasami jest dla pacjenta barierą nie do pokonania. A jak pokazują badania naukowe, stosowanie nowoczesnych opatrunków znacznie skraca czas leczenia rany i finalnie zmniejsza jego koszt.
Kolejne wyzwanie to, niestety, nieprawidłowe leczenie rany przez niektóre ośrodki ochrony zdrowia na początku choroby. Pierwszym miejscem, gdzie pojawia się pacjent, są poradnie POZ, a potem poradnie chirurgiczne. Pacjenci niejednokrotnie dostają tam zalecenia, które obowiązywały 20 lat temu. Wyzwaniem dla nas, pielęgniarek specjalistek zajmujących się leczeniem ran, jest zmiana zaleceń i przekonanie pacjentów i ich rodzin do leczenia ran wg najnowszych standardów.
Jakie skutki może nieść za sobą wdrożenie nieprawidłowego leczenia, zbyt późna reakcja lub brak wdrożenia leczenia? Jak poważne mogą pojawić się komplikacje?
Najczęstszymi skutkami późnego rozpoczęcia leczenia ran są: wysokie koszty ponoszone przez pacjentów i ich rodziny, długi czas leczenia, liczne powikłania spowodowane kolonizacją rany przez drobnoustroje, przewlekła antybiotykoterapia. Czasem niestety nieprawidłowe leczenie prowadzi do przewlekłego niedokrwienia kończyn dolnych, pogłębienia się ran. Niekiedy bardzo traumatycznym powikłaniem nieprawidłowego leczenia jest amputacja kończyny powyżej miejsca niedokrwienia.
Taka sytuacja na dzień dzisiejszy dotyczy jednej z moich pacjentek. Nieprawidłowe leczenie wprowadzone przez lekarza POZ i lekarza chirurga doprowadziło do decyzji o amputacji. Jedynie determinacja rodziny i poszukiwanie pomocy poza miejscem zamieszkania chorej pozwoliło na uruchomienie leczenia wg najnowszych wytycznych, co stworzyło odpowiednie warunki do gojenia się rany. Na dzień dzisiejszy leczenie jest kontynuowane w miejscu zamieszkania. Rana zmniejszyła się o 50% w ciągu 6 tygodni od wypisu ze szpitala. Kończyna dolna została uratowana.
Czy wygojenie rany oznacza, że owrzodzenie już nie wróci? Jak często dochodzi do nawrotu tej choroby? Jakie działania profilaktyczne należy podejmować, by zapobiegać tym nawrotom?
Owrzodzenia troficzne mają tendencję do nawrotów. Wyleczenie rany nie daje pewności, że problem nie powróci.
Bardzo ważna jest w tym zakresie promocja zdrowia i edukacja pacjenta na każdym etapie leczenia. Najważniejsze jest, by wytłumaczyć pacjentowi, jakie czynniki wpływają na rozwój schorzenia. Należy podjąć próbę zmiany nawyków chorych. Począwszy od żywienia, w szczególności u pacjentów z cukrzycą, oraz aktywności ruchowej.
Mięśnie łydek są najsilniejszą pompą mięśniową w organizmie ludzkim. To ich praca zapobiega powstawaniu zatorów żylnych, żylaków, a w ich wyniku choroby zatorowej i owrzodzeń troficznych. Nawet krótki, ale regularny ruch zmniejsza ryzyko zachorowania. Może warto pozostawić auto na parkingu i do szkoły, sklepu, przedszkola wyjść odrobinę wcześniej, ale dotrzeć tam na własnych nogach? To zaprocentuje za kilkanaście lat.
Promocja zdrowa powinna dotyczyć już dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, bo i w tej grupie obserwuje się już problem otyłości. Otyłe dzieci w przyszłości są zagrożone problemem owrzodzeń troficznych.
Kolejny problem to wszelakiego typu hormonoterapie. Promocja zdrowia i edukacja pacjentów z zaburzeniami hormonalnymi, wymagającymi przyjmowania różnego rodzaju hormonów na stałe, pozwoli zapobiec powikłaniu, jakim są owrzodzenia troficzne.
Dzięki takim działaniom można skutecznie zapobiec wystąpieniu zmian chorobowych lub ich rozprzestrzenianiu. Moi pacjenci cieszą się z sukcesu terapii. Ja również.

Joanna Tokaj, specjalistka pielęgniarstwa paliatywnego i geriatrycznego z wieloletnim doświadczeniem w leczeniu ran
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Разрешение на строительство здания назначает правовые положения и требования к строительным операциям, включая допустимые виды работ, предусмотренные материалы и методы, а также включает строительные нормы и комплекты безопасности. Получение разрешения на строительный процесс является необходимым документов для строительной сферы.
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Стоимость быстровозводимого здания отличаются податливостью а также адаптируемостью, что разрешает просто менять а также трансформировать их в соответствии с пожеланиями заказчика. Это экономически лучшее а также экологически долговечное решение, которое в крайние годы заполучило широкое распространение.
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Быстровозводимые строения – это новейшие системы, которые различаются великолепной скоростью строительства и мобильностью. Они представляют собой конструкции, заключающиеся из предварительно созданных составных частей либо блоков, которые способны быть быстро собраны в участке стройки.
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