Zespół naukowców z Duke University oraz University of California opracował biomateriał, który wspiera gojenie ran i ogranicza bliznowacenie. Leczniczy efekt udało się osiągnąć dzięki specyficznej stymulacji systemu odpornościowego.
Wyniki badań zespołu amerykańskich naukowców zostały opublikowane w czasopiśmie naukowym „Nature Materials”. Opracowany przez nich biomateriał stymuluje gojenie ran, natomiast po zamknięciu rany ulega rozpuszczeniu. Dzięki jego zastosowaniu zregenerowane tkanki są mocniejsze i zachowują pełną funkcjonalność .
Kontynuacja badań
Prowadzone przez zespół naukowców badania to kontynuacja projektu badawczego z 2015 roku, w ramach którego opracowali oni hydrożel o mikroporowatej strukturze (ang. microporous annealed particle hydrogel, MAP). Biomateriał po umieszczeniu w ranie służył jako rusztowanie dla wypełniających łożysko nowych komórek, dzięki czemu proces regeneracji był szybszy. Po wygojeniu rany żel ulegał rozpuszczeniu.
Naukowcy odkryli jednak, że w zregenerowanych tkankach brakowało złożonych struktur takich jak mieszki włosowe czy gruczoły łojowe. Dalsze badania doprowadziły do odkrycia, że w trakcie gojenia hydrożel stopniowo tracił porowatą strukturę, co ograniczało możliwości rozrostu tkanek wokół substancji. Naukowcy postanowili sprawdzić, czy zmiana właściwości biomateriału sprawi, że zregenerowane przy jego użyciu tkanki będą lepszej jakości.
Zmiana właściwości
Autorzy projektu wprowadzili zmiany w chemicznej strukturze biomateriału, tak by był on wolniej rozpuszczany po umieszczeniu w organizmie i dzięki temu skuteczniej wspierał gojenie tkanek. Wyniki badań wykazały, że po wprowadzeniu zmian hydrożel ulega rozpadowi jeszcze szybciej, jednocześnie jednak wspiera rozwój w pełni funkcjonalnej, mocnej tkanki. Dalsze testy wykazały, że było to związane z wywołaniem specyficznej reakcji immunologicznej organizmu.
Reakcja immunologiczna
Reformulacja biomateriału pozwoliła wywołać odpowiedź adaptacyjnego układu odpornościowego polegającą na wytworzeniu przeciwciał i aktywacji komórek immunologicznych, które w krótkim czasie usunęły z rany komórki hydrożelu, jednocześnie stymulując regenerację tkanek. Naukowcy odkryli, że nowo powstałe tkanki były wyposażone w struktury takie jak mieszki włosowe czy gruczoły łojowe.
Jak wyjaśnia prof. Philip Scumpia, ekspert w dziedzinie dermatologii z UCLA Health i West Los Angeles VA Medical Center oraz jeden z autorów projektu:
– Istnieją dwa rodzaje odpowiedzi immunologicznej, która może wystąpić po urazie – reakcja destrukcyjna oraz łagodniejsza, regeneracyjna – tłumaczy ekspert. – W przypadku większości materiałów po umieszczeniu w organizmie dochodzi do ich zniszczenia przez układ odpornościowy. Opracowany przez nas hydrożel wywołał natomiast reakcję regeneracyjną. To pokazuje, że odpowiednia stymulacja układu odpornościowego może być wykorzystana, by zamiast niszczenia tkanek i bliznowacenia spowodować gojenie i regenerację.
Źródło: eurekalert.org
Przeczytaj także: Co to jest rana i jak powinien przebiegać proces gojenia?
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