Znaczne wahania glikemii oraz tzw. hiperglikemia, czyli utrzymujące się przez dłuższy czas zbyt duże stężenie glukozy we krwi wywołują w organizmie zaburzenie funkcji i struktury śródbłonka naczyń krwionośnych. To natomiast w konsekwencji powoduje rozwój przewlekłych powikłań, które mogą dotyczyć różnych narządów.
Powikłania te mogą mieć związek z uszkodzeniem drobnych i dużych naczyń krwionośnych, problemami kardiologicznymi, nerkowymi, okulistycznymi, układu nerwowego, jak również amputacji.
Uszkodzenie drobnych naczyń krwionośnych przyczyną powikłań w cukrzycy
Wśród powikłań cukrzycowych, których podłożem jest uszkodzenie drobnych naczyń krwionośnych są takie schorzenia, jak retinopatia cukrzycowa, nefropatia cukrzycowa, całkowita niewydolność nerek, jak również neuropatia cukrzycowa.
Retinopatia cukrzycowa jest chorobą oczu spowodowaną uszkodzeniem siatkówki. Jeżeli cukrzyca leczona jest nieskutecznie, może to prowadzić do utraty wzroku.
Nefropatia cukrzycowa to choroba nerek, która przy braku skutecznego leczenia może prowadzić do całkowitej niewydolności nerek.
Neuropatia cukrzycowa jest chorobą nerwów. W konsekwencji może powodować zaburzenia czucia, przeczulicę, zanik mięśni czy niedowład. Schorzenie to jest jedną z przyczyn rozwoju zespołu stopy cukrzycowej oraz impotencji u mężczyzn.
Uszkodzenie dużych naczyń krwionośnych przyczyną powikłań w cukrzycy
Wśród powikłań cukrzycowych, których podłożem jest uszkodzenie dużych naczyń krwionośnych są choroba wieńcowa, która zwiększa ryzyko zawału serca, choroba niedokrwienna ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, prowadząca do uszkodzenia mózgu lub miażdżyca tętnic kończyn dolnych, która zwiększa ryzyko zespołu stopy cukrzycowej i amputacji kończyn dolnych.
Powikłania kardiologiczne cukrzycy
W wyniku cukrzycy może dojść do rozwoju powikłań kardiologicznych, które są najczęstszym powikłaniem u pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 2. Ryzyko wystąpienia choroby niedokrwiennej serca u tej grupy pacjentów jest kilka razy większe, w porównaniu do osób zdrowych. W wyniku chorób układu krążenia umiera ok. 75-80 proc. chorych na cukrzycę.
Wśród najczęstszych powikłań kardiologicznych są choroba wieńcowa (choroba niedokrwienna serca), niewydolność serca, choroba tętnic obwodowych, udar mózgu, zawał serca.
Powikłania dotyczące nerek
W wyniku cukrzycy może dojść do powikłania w postaci nefropatii cukrzycowej, której przyczyną jest uszkodzenie kłębuszków nerkowych, do którego dochodzi w wyniku zbyt wysokiego stężenia glukozy we krwi. Do zaburzeń czynności nerek zalicza się białkomocz, nadciśnienie tętnicze oraz wzrost kreatyniny i mocznika we krwi. Należy pamiętać, że nieleczona nefropatia w konsekwencji może doprowadzić do całkowitej niewydolności nerek.
Cukrzyca może prowadzić do powikłań okulistycznych
Do niekorzystnych zmian w siatkówce oka dochodzi na skutek przewlekłej hiperglikemii. Z uwagi na to, że we wczesnej fazie retinopatia cukrzycowa nie wykazuje charakterystycznych objawów, zazwyczaj wykrywana jest zbyt późno. To natomiast prowadzi do nieodwracalnej utraty wzroku.
Cukrzyca a powikłania dotyczące układu nerwowego
W wyniku wysokiego stężenia glukozy we krwi, czyli neuropatii cukrzycowej dochodzi do uszkodzenia nerwów czuciowych (pacjent nie czuje bólu), nerwów ruchowych (zanikają mięśnie) lub nerwów autonomicznych.
Uszkodzenie nerwów i naczyń krwionośnych w obrębie kończyny dolnej może prowadzić do wystąpienia zespołu stopy cukrzycowej, której proces gojenia w przypadku zakażenia jest niezwykle trudny. Może wówczas dojść do owrzodzenia tkanek, deformacji stopy, a w przypadku zbyt późnej diagnozy, koniecznością może okazać się amputacja.
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